Characterization of Myocardial Injury in Patients With COVID-19

Characterization of Myocardial Injury in Patients With COVID-19

Abstract

Background
Myocardial injury is frequent among patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms of myocardial injury remain unclear and prior studies have not reported cardiovascular imaging data.


Objectives
This study sought to characterize the echocardiographic abnormalities associated with myocardial injury and their prognostic impact in patients with COVID-19.


Methods
We conducted an international, multicenter cohort study including 7 hospitals in New York City and Milan of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who had undergone transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) and electrocardiographic evaluation during their index hospitalization. Myocardial injury was defined as any elevation in cardiac troponin at the time of clinical presentation or during the hospitalization.


Results

A total of 305 patients were included. Mean age was 63 years and 205 patients (67.2%) were male. Overall, myocardial injury was observed in 190 patients (62.3%). Compared with patients without myocardial injury, those with myocardial injury had more electrocardiographic abnormalities, higher inflammatory biomarkers and an increased prevalence of major echocardiographic abnormalities that included left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, global left ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction grade II or III, right ventricular dysfunction and pericardial effusions. Rates of in-hospital mortality were 5.2%, 18.6%, and 31.7% in patients without myocardial injury, with myocardial injury without TTE abnormalities, and with myocardial injury and TTE abnormalities. Following multivariable adjustment, myocardial injury with TTE abnormalities was associated with higher risk of death but not myocardial injury without TTE abnormalities.


Conclusions
Among patients with COVID-19 who underwent TTE, cardiac structural abnormalities were present in nearly two-thirds of patients with myocardial injury. Myocardial injury was associated with increased in-hospital mortality particularly if echocardiographic abnormalities were present.

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report

Abstract

Background
Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious.

Methods
We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only.


Results

A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan–Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%).

Conclusions
Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705. opens in new tab.)

Actualités ESC 2020: Essais et études – Articles réunis par le Dr Mohamed Ztati.

Timing of Intervention in Asymptomatic Patients With Valvular Heart Disease

Authors: Baumgartner H, Iung B, Otto CM.
Citation: Timing of Intervention in Asymptomatic Patients With Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J 2020;Sep 9:[Epub ahead of print].

Current management recommendations for patients with valvular heart disease time intervention in an attempt to optimize long-term outcomes. The following are key points to remember from this review, which summarizes current recommendations for intervention in asymptomatic patients with heart valve disease and discusses more recently published data that might favor earlier intervention in some patients:

1.Weighing the risks and benefits for intervention in asymptomatic patients :

  • Rationale for intervention in asymptomatic patients include the risk of life-threatening events in the absence of pre-existing symptoms, irreversible end-organ damage (particularly the left ventricle [LV] and pulmonary vasculature) despite the absence of symptoms, a lower risk associated with earlier intervention, insidious symptoms that might not be recognized, and avoiding problems with suboptimal follow-up or delayed intervention once an indication is recognized.
  • The risks of intervention include operative risks and long-term risks after intervention.
  • Variables to be weighed include the type of heart valve disease; the type of intervention; the strength of any predictors for adverse outcomes; and patient age, comorbidities, and general condition.

2.Aortic stenosis (AS) :

  • Variables that have been associated with outcomes are derived from echocardiography, exercise testing, and biomarkers including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
  • Current American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) and/or European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) guidelines support intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe AS plus LV systolic dysfunction not due to another cause (variably LV ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤50% or <50%), abnormal exercise testing, or low surgical risk, and either very severe AS or rapid progression of AS.
  • Several randomized clinical trials are underway testing early intervention in patients with asymptomatic AS.
  • Published studies support the roles of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, LVEF <55% or <60%, LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), and biomarkers in the assessment of AS outcomes.

3.Aortic regurgitation (AR) :

  • Variables that have been associated with outcomes include LV enlargement and systolic dysfunction, BNP, and concomitant ascending aorta enlargement.
  • Current AHA/ACC and/or ESC/EACTS guidelines support intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe AR plus LV systolic dysfunction (variably LVEF <50% or ≤50%), or severe LV dilation.
  • Published studies support the roles of a lower threshold for LV dilation (LV end-systolic diameter index 20-25 mm/m2 rather than >25 mm/m2), LVEF <55%, or abnormal LV GLS in the assessment of AR outcomes.

4.Mitral stenosis (MS) :

  • Because asymptomatic MS is associated with low mortality, intervention in asymptomatic MS is aimed at reducing the risk of complications (predominantly thromboembolic events) and delaying symptom onset.
  • Current guidelines recommend intervention for asymptomatic patients with MS only in the form of percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy.
  • Intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe MS will remain restricted to rheumatic MS with anatomy favorable for percutaneous balloon commissurotomy among patients who are at high risk of thromboembolic events or hemodynamic decompensation.

5.Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) :

  • Factors identified as predictors of outcome among asymptomatic patients with primary MR include LV size and function, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, leaflet flail, and marked left atrial enlargement in the setting of sinus rhythm.
  • Current guidelines support intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe MR and LV enlargement or systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤60%, LV end-systolic diameter ≥40 or 45 mm), atrial fibrillation, or pulmonary hypertension; or if there is a high likelihood of successful and durable repair, low operative mortality, and surgery is performed at a Heart Valve Center of Excellence.
  • Published studies support the roles of natriuretic peptides, exercise testing, and LV GLS in the assessment of primary MR outcomes.
  • The primary factors in determining whether asymptomatic patients with severe degenerative MR and normal LV systolic function should undergo intervention are the safety, efficacy, and durability of mitral repair; which in turn are dependent on the underlying mitral valve pathology, as well as surgeon skill and program experience. Numerous studies have demonstrated that successful valve repair is dependent on surgeon and center volume.

Article sélectionné et traduit par Dr, El kandoussi Tahar

7 messages par nouvelle recommandation de l’ESC 2020 résumés par Pr Mohamed Alami- Casablanca

Le congrès de l’ESC initialement prévu à Amsterdam du 29 Aout au 1er Septembre 2020 a réuni grâce à la COVID-19 plus de 100.000 participants en distanciel. Un grand succès avec plusieurs grandes études et de nouvelles recommandations « ESC » dans différents domaines de la Cardiologie.

1.Les recommandations pour SCA non STEMI :

  • Algorithme ESC 0/2h (troponine à 0h et 2h) est une alternative au protocole 0/1h.
  • BNP ou Nt Pro BNP doivent être pris en considération comme facteur pronostic.
  • Le Prasugrel doit être préféré au Ticagrelor pour les patients avec NSTEMI qui seront stentés.
  • Il n’est pas recommandé d’administrer un traitement systématique à base d’inhibiteur des récepteurs P2Y12 avant la coronarographie (pas de Clopidogrel avant la coronarographie)
  • Les patients en FA (CHADS-VASc SCORE >1 homme ou >2 femme) après 7 jours de TAT (Triple Antithrombotic Therapy : NOAC+ Aspirine + Clopidogrel), la DAT (double Antithrombotic Therapy : NOAC +Clopidogrel) est recommandée pour 12 mois avant d’arrêter l’antiagrégant et laisser le NOAC seul).
  • La stratégie invasive dans les 24h est recommandée dans l’un de ces cas :
    . Diagnostic de Non STEMI
    . Modifications dynamiques du segment ST
    . Elévation transitoire du segment ST
    . GRACE Score >140
  • Chez les patients à risque faible, une stratégie invasive sélective est recommandée après un test d’ischémie ou détection d’une maladie coronaire obstructive par le coroscanner.

2.Les recommandations sur la fibrillation Auriculaire :

  • Un risque de saignement (HAS-BLED) en absence de contre-indications aux anticoagulants ne doit pas guider la décision d’utilisation (ou pas) d’anticoagulants.
  • Le caractère Clinique de la FA (1er épisode, paroxystique, persistante, permanente) ne doit pas conditionner le traitement thromboprophylactique.
  • Les patients qui sont à risque d’AVC qui ne prenaient pas les ACO (anticoagulants oraux) avant l’ablation doivent être anticoagulés au moins 3 semaines avant l’ablation (classe I) ou alternativement avoir une ETO excluant un thrombus de l’Auricule gauche, avant l’ablation (classe II).
  • Les patients bénéficiant d’une ablation qui sont sous ACO doivent le maintenir pendant la procédure.
  • Le dépistage systématique de la FA est recommandé chez les hypertendus (classe I)
  • Dans la FA chez le patient en syndrome coronaire chronique, l’arrêt de l’Aspirine après une semaine et la continuation de l’ACO et du clopidogrel jusqu’à 6 mois maximum) est recommandée si le risque de thrombose du stent est faible ou si le risque de saignement prévaut.
  • Les bétabloquants, le Diltiazem ou le Verapamil sont recommandés comme 1er choix pour le contrôle de la fréquence cardiaque quand la FE > 40% (classe I).

3.Les recommandations sur la pratique du sport et l’exercice physique chez le cardiaque:

  • Pour les patients obèse (IMC > 30 kg/m2 ou tour de taille > 80cm pour les femmes et 94 cm pour les hommes), les hypertendus bien contrôlés et les diabétiques il est recommandé en plus de l’exercice aérobique vigoureux ou modéré (au moins 30mn 5-7 jours par semaine) de pratiquer un exercice de résistance (> 3 fois par semaine).
  • Chez les hypertendus bien contrôles mais à haut risque CV ou avec atteinte d’organe cible il n’est pas recommandé de faire d’exercice de résistance de forte intensité.
  • Chez les hypertendus non stabilisées (PAS>160mmHg), l’exercice de forte intensité n’est pas recommandé jusqu’à normalisation de la PA.
  • La réadaptation Cardiaque basée sur l’exercice physique est recommandée chez tous les Insuffisants Cardiaque stable afin d’améliorer la capacité à l’effort, la qualité de vie et réduire la fréquence des réadmissions à l’hôpital.
  • Les patients avec RM légère (SM entre 1.5 – 2cm2) peuvent participer aux sports de compétition s’ils ont une PAPS <40mnHg et un test d’effort normal.
  • Les patients avec IM modérée asymptomatique peuvent participer aux sports de compétition si :
    . DTDVG < 60mm . FEVG > 60%
    . PAPS < 50 mmHg
    . Test d’effort normal.
  • Les patients présentant > 1 ESV sur l ECG de base doivent être évalués afin d’exclure toute anomalie structurelle ou rythmique avant la pratique de sport.

4.Les recommandations sur les cardiopathies congénitales de l’adulte :

  • Il est recommandé aux patientes avec cardiopathies congénitale et une hypertension pulmonaire précapillaire de ne pas avoir de grossesse.
  • En cas de lésions de shunt et signes non invasifs d’élévation de la PAP, la mesure invasive des résistances vasculaires pulmonaires est recommandée.
  • En cas de lésion de shunt et une importante surcharge volumétrique du VD, il est recommandé de réaliser une fermeture chirurgicale (chirurgie cardiaque congénitale).
  • La fermeture d’un shunt (QP/QS>1.5) n’est pas recommandée dans le CIA quand l’HTAP est sévère (résistances vasculaires pulmonaires > 5UW malgré un traitement ciblée de l’HTAP).
  • Chez les patients avec transposition des gros vaisseaux et IT Sévère symptomatique et fonction VD préservée ou légèrement altérée (FE >40%) le remplacement valvulaire tricuspide est recommandé.
  • Dans les CIA avec surcharge volumique de VD et sans HTAP (pas de signes d’HTAP en non invasif ou bien confirmation invasive de RVP < 3 UW) la fermeture du défect est recommandée.
  • Dans la CIA avec signe d’HTAP en non invasif, la mesure invasive des RVP est requise.

Par Pr, Alami Mohamed

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